<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><!-- generator=Zoho Sites --><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><channel><atom:link href="https://lgf.lifemastergroup.com/blogs/tag/行動學習/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><title>LIFE GROWTH FACTORS 成長因子 - 教與學．Blog #行動學習</title><description>LIFE GROWTH FACTORS 成長因子 - 教與學．Blog #行動學習</description><link>https://lgf.lifemastergroup.com/blogs/tag/行動學習</link><lastBuildDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 16:08:53 -0700</lastBuildDate><generator>http://zoho.com/sites/</generator><item><title><![CDATA[激發學生對科學的探究熱情：運用詢問式教學策略加強科學理解和認知能力]]></title><link>https://lgf.lifemastergroup.com/blogs/post/Inquiry_Instructional_Strategy</link><description><![CDATA[<img align="left" hspace="5" src="https://lgf.lifemastergroup.com/Blog Cover/20230627 詢問式教學 cover.png"/>詢問式教學策略是一種教學方法，強調在科學教育中融合主動學習和批判性思維。它包括設計學習活動，使學生觀察實驗、收集證據並構建自己對科學概念的理解(Psycharis, 2013)。本文探討詢問式學習對學生的認知信念、動機、建模指標的使用和概念理解的影響(Psycharis, 2013)。它還檢查了不同類型的詢問，例如確認和結構化詢問，對提高學生在學校科學方面的成就動機的有效性 (Toma, 2022)。此外，本文還討論詢問式學習在促進科學文化發展和高等教育科學課堂中培養科學技能的好處(Mello et al., 2019)。]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="zpcontent-container blogpost-container "><div data-element-id="elm_ZCjfwQ2QQd6Ce1RvWT_rpQ" data-element-type="section" class="zpsection "><style type="text/css"></style><div class="zpcontainer-fluid zpcontainer"><div data-element-id="elm_Bh50kfEuRHWht3HM1zDHmw" data-element-type="row" class="zprow zprow-container zpalign-items- zpjustify-content- " data-equal-column=""><style type="text/css"></style><div data-element-id="elm_u6UQWDExQQ-kjYCarj5YnA" data-element-type="column" class="zpelem-col zpcol-12 zpcol-md-12 zpcol-sm-12 zpalign-self- "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_u6UQWDExQQ-kjYCarj5YnA"].zpelem-col{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_WRgi9YEdTOCSz1DWyPaJKw" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_WRgi9YEdTOCSz1DWyPaJKw"] h1.zpheading{ line-height:50px; } [data-element-id="elm_WRgi9YEdTOCSz1DWyPaJKw"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h1
 class="zpheading zpheading-align-center " data-editor="true"><span style="color:inherit;font-size:48px;"><span style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;font-weight:bold;">激發學生對科學的探究熱情：</span><br><span style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;font-weight:bold;color:inherit;">​</span><span style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;font-weight:bold;">運用詢問式教學策略加強科學理解和認知能力</span></span><br></h1></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_3dMnXOthQDCVTKGFmzdDeA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_3dMnXOthQDCVTKGFmzdDeA"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-center " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">詢問式教學策略是一種教學方法，強調在科學教育中融合主動學習和批判性思維。它包括設計學習活動，使學生觀察實驗、收集證據並構建自己對科學概念的理解(Psycharis, 2013)。本文探討詢問式學習對學生的認知信念、動機、建模指標的使用和概念理解的影響(Psycharis, 2013)。它還檢查了不同類型的詢問，例如確認和結構化詢問，對提高學生在學校科學方面的成就動機的有效性 (Toma, 2022)。此外，本文還討論詢問式學習在促進科學文化發展和高等教育科學課堂中培養科學技能的好處(Mello et al., 2019)。</span></p></div></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_qHZtAcA1oLYia48Bw5jALA" data-element-type="image" class="zpelement zpelem-image "><style> @media (min-width: 992px) { [data-element-id="elm_qHZtAcA1oLYia48Bw5jALA"] .zpimage-container figure img { width: 1070px ; height: 535.00px ; } } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px) { [data-element-id="elm_qHZtAcA1oLYia48Bw5jALA"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:723px ; height:361.50px ; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { [data-element-id="elm_qHZtAcA1oLYia48Bw5jALA"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:415px ; height:207.50px ; } } [data-element-id="elm_qHZtAcA1oLYia48Bw5jALA"].zpelem-image { border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-caption-color="" data-size-tablet="" data-size-mobile="" data-align="center" data-tablet-image-separate="false" data-mobile-image-separate="false" class="zpimage-container zpimage-align-center zpimage-size-fit zpimage-tablet-fallback-fit zpimage-mobile-fallback-fit hb-lightbox " data-lightbox-options="
                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/Blog%20Cover/Blog%20Pic/20230627%20%E8%A9%A2%E5%95%8F%E5%BC%8F%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%20blog%20pic.png" width="415" height="207.50" loading="lazy" size="fit" alt="詢問式教學策略加強科學理解和認知能力" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_Bg8SQL1tocvpYn4-p32dCg" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_Bg8SQL1tocvpYn4-p32dCg"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p><span style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;font-weight:bold;">定義詢問式學習</span></p></div></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_8jJXwTY_PsAwK3lG9_pTmA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_8jJXwTY_PsAwK3lG9_pTmA"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">詢問式學習是一種教育策略，通過讓學生執行與科學家常規執行相似的任務，從而讓學生參與科學(Mello et al., 2019)。它超越了科學信息的傳遞，關注學生開展詢問的能力以及他們對科學詢問本質的深刻理解(Psycharis, 2013)。這種方法鼓勵學生提出問題，觀察，收集和分析數據，並根據證據得出結論(Mello et al., 2019)。它促進了高級認知能力的發展，如批判性思維、問題解決和科學推理(Psycharis, 2013)。</span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_CeMjskbqX4UR90m0jAaebA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_CeMjskbqX4UR90m0jAaebA"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p><span style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;font-weight:bold;">詢問式學習的好處</span></p></div></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_esCOvnoYDCG2-0VHeD83gg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_esCOvnoYDCG2-0VHeD83gg"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">許多研究顯示，與傳統教學相比，詢問式學習在科學教育中的有效性得到了證明。詢問式學習已與提高概念理解、提高學生參與度、增強動機和對科學的積極態度相關聯(Mello et al., 2019; Osisioma &amp; Onyia, 2009)。它促進了科學過程技能的發展，如觀察、數據收集和分析，這些技能對科學詢問至關重要(Mello et al., 2019)。此外，詢問式學習促進了元認知技能的發展，如自我調節和反思，這些對終身學習至關重要(Schraw et al., 2006)。</span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_xPY2OMPf_RwqlZmAfPqXJA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_xPY2OMPf_RwqlZmAfPqXJA"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p><span style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;font-weight:bold;">詢問式學習的類型</span></p></div></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_YQfseunOzvalabDCq1Zw0A" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_YQfseunOzvalabDCq1Zw0A"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">詢問式學習有不同的類型，從引導式詢問到開放式詢問。引導式詢問提供更高水平的教師指導，而開放式詢問則允許學生在設計和進行調查時有更多的自主權 (Toma, 2022)。確認詢問和結構化詢問是兩種特定的詢問式學習類型，它們提供不同程度的教師指導 (Toma, 2022)。確認詢問涉及引導學生朝預定結果的方向發展，而結構化詢問為學生探索科學概念提供了更為結構化的框架 (Toma, 2022)。這些類型的詢問對提高學生在學校科學方面的成就動機和成功期望有著不同的有效性 (Toma, 2022)。</span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_ke3gGu_pFSR8Ylgx0iTVfQ" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_ke3gGu_pFSR8Ylgx0iTVfQ"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p><span style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;font-weight:bold;">挑戰與考量</span></p></div></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_WCewakckN3UK4NsD-I-nhA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_WCewakckN3UK4NsD-I-nhA"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">在教室中實施詢問式學習可能會給教師帶來挑戰。一些已記錄的問題包括缺乏關於什麼是詢問的明確性，缺乏詢問在實際課堂中的實際實施例和沒有明確將詢問與科學內容相關聯(Campbell et al., 2010)。此外，學校和大學中時間的限制可能會使將耗時的詢問活動納入課程變得具有挑戰性 (Bicak et al., 2021)。然而，研究表明，在進行詢問活動之前為學生提供指導可以使他們受益 (Bicak et al., 2021)。為學生提供必要的背景知識和技能可以增強他們從事有意義的詢問體驗的能力。</span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_Yb5tIWGbJnR_cQpQmKWW-g" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_Yb5tIWGbJnR_cQpQmKWW-g"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p><span style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;font-weight:bold;">職業發展和詢問式學習</span></p></div></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_HsErqqR1ed1PyAjx4STwJQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_HsErqqR1ed1PyAjx4STwJQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">職業發展在支持教師有效實施詢問式學習方面發揮著至關重要的作用。必須向教師提供促進課堂中詢問的必要知識、技能和資源 (Qablan, 2019)。職業發展項目應涉及教師的核心教學概念，提供機會讓教師發展對詢問式教學策略的理解 (Lotter et al., 2007)。此外，職業發展提供者應明確了解詢問的內涵以及如何將其整合到課堂實踐中(Arriola, n.d.)。</span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_kT3mc8Y5gdOSLCAg7yjDAA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_kT3mc8Y5gdOSLCAg7yjDAA"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">詢問式教學策略是科學教育中有價值的方法，它促進了主動學習、批判性思維和科學技能的發展。它通過設計學習活動來讓學生參與科學研究，觀察實驗、收集證據並構建自己對科學概念的理解。詢問式學習已被證明可以提高學生的概念理解、動機和對科學的參與度。不同類型的詢問，例如確認和結構化詢問，提供不同程度的教師指導，可以增強學生的成就動機。然而，在教室實施詢問式學習可能會帶來挑戰，有效的職業發展在支持教師有效實施詢問式學習方面發揮著至關重要的作用。通過向教師提供必要的知識、技能和資源，詢問式學習可以成功地融入科學教育中，促進學生對科學的理解和認知能力的發展。</span></p></div></div>
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 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;font-weight:bold;">參考文獻：</span><br></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_gLVHtnPtnEXMIs-ISKKCOQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_gLVHtnPtnEXMIs-ISKKCOQ"].zpelem-text { color:rgba(25,25,25,0.48) ; border-radius:1px; } [data-element-id="elm_gLVHtnPtnEXMIs-ISKKCOQ"].zpelem-text :is(h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6){ color:rgba(25,25,25,0.48) ; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><ol><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span style="color:inherit;">Psycharis, S. (2013). Exploring the Effects Of The Computational Experiment Approach To The Epistemic Beliefs, The Motivation, The Use Of Modeling Indicators And Conceptual Understanding In Three Different Computational Learning Environments. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v1i1.32</span><span style="color:inherit;"><br></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span style="color:inherit;">Toma, R. (2022). Confirmation and Structured Inquiry Teaching: Does It Improve Students’ Achievement Motivations In School Science?. Can. J. Sci. Math. Techn. Educ.. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42330-022-00197-3</span><span style="color:inherit;"><br></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span style="color:inherit;">Mello, P., Natale, C., Trivelato, S., Marzin-Janvier, P., Vieira, L., Almeida, D. (2019). Exploring the Inquiry‐based Learning Structure To Promote Scientific Culture In The Classrooms Of Higher Education Sciences. Biochem Mol Biol Educ, 6(47), 672-680. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmb.21301</span><span style="color:inherit;"><br></span></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;">Campbell, T., Zhang, D., Neilson, D. (2010). Model Based Inquiry In the High School Physics Classroom: An Exploratory Study Of Implementation And Outcomes. J Sci Educ Technol, 3(20), 258-269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-010-9251-6</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span style="color:inherit;">Bicak, B., Borchert, C., Höner, K. (2021). Measuring and Fostering Preservice Chemistry Teachers’ Scientific Reasoning Competency. Education Sciences, 9(11), 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11090496</span><span style="color:inherit;"><br></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span style="color:inherit;">Tsakeni, M. (2021). Preservice Teachers’ Use Of Computational Thinking To Facilitate Inquiry-based Practical Work In Multiple-deprived Classrooms. EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed, 1(17), em1933. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/9574</span><span style="color:inherit;"><br></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span style="color:inherit;">Chen, C., Tseng, D. (2017). “I Give Up and Stop Listening”: Fostering Metacognitive Listening Strategy Awareness In The English Classrooms In Taiwan. ASSRJ, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.411.3268</span><span style="color:inherit;"><br></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span style="color:inherit;">Arriola, A. An Examination Of the Relationship Between Professional Development Providers' Epistemological And Nature Of Science Beliefs And Their Professional Development Programs.. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.3415</span><span style="color:inherit;"><br></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span style="color:inherit;">Qablan, A. (2019). Effective Professional Development and Change In Practice: The Case Of Queen Rania Teacher Academy Science Network. EURASIA J MATH SCI T, 12(15). https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/109016</span><span style="color:inherit;"><br></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span style="color:inherit;">Ku, K., Ho, I., Hau, K., Lai, E. (2013). Integrating Direct and Inquiry-based Instruction In The Teaching Of Critical Thinking: An Intervention Study. Instr Sci, 2(42), 251-269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-013-9279-0</span><span style="color:inherit;"><br></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span style="color:inherit;">Foster, H. (2014). Comparison Of Student Achievement Using Didactic, Inquiry-based, and The Combination Of Two Approaches Of Science Instruction. jtte, 2(2), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.12785/jtte/020203</span><span style="color:inherit;"><br></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span style="color:inherit;">Lotter, C., Harwood, W., Bonner, J. (2007). The Influence Of Core Teaching Conceptions On Teachers' Use Of Inquiry Teaching Practices. J. Res. Sci. Teach., 9(44), 1318-1347. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20191</span><span style="color:inherit;"><br></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span style="color:inherit;">Apthorp, H., Igel, C., Dean, C. (2012). Using Similarities and Differences: A Meta-analysis Of Its Effects And Emergent Patterns. School Science and Mathematics, 4(112), 204-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2012.00139.x</span><span style="color:inherit;"><br></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span style="color:inherit;">Fiock, H. (2020). Designing a Community Of Inquiry In Online Courses. IRRODL, 1(21), 134-152. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v20i5.3985</span><span style="color:inherit;"><br></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><span style="color:inherit;">Kennedy, M., Rodgers, W., Romig, J., Mathews, H., Peeples, K. (2017). Introducing the Content Acquisition Podcast Professional Development Process: Supporting Vocabulary Instruction For Inclusive Middle School Science Teachers. Teacher Education and Special Education, 2(41), 140-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888406417745655</span><span style="color:inherit;"><br></span></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;">VanTassel-Baska, J. (2023). The Case For Content-based Curriculum For Advanced Learners. Gifted Child Today, 2(46), 142-145. https://doi.org/10.1177/10762175221149443<br></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;">Osisioma, I., Onyia, C. (2009). Capturing Urban Middle School Students' Voices On the Use. IES, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v2n2p3<br></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;">Schraw, G., Crippen, K., Hartley, K. (2006). Promoting Self-regulation In Science Education: Metacognition As Part Of a Broader Perspective On Learning. Res Sci Educ, 1-2(36), 111-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-005-3917-8<br></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;">Estrella, G., Au, J., Jaeggi, S., Collins, P. (2018). Is Inquiry Science Instruction Effective For English Language Learners? a Meta-analytic Review. AERA Open, 2(4), 233285841876740. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858418767402<br></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;">Suits, J. (2004). Assessing Investigative Skill Development In Inquiry-based and Traditional College Science Laboratory Courses. School Science and Mathematics, 6(104), 248-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2004.tb17996.x<br></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;">Dolan, E. (2009). Recent Research In Science Teaching and Learning. LSE, 1(8), 9-10. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.08-12-0075<br></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;">Iatraki, G., Soulis, S. (2021). A Systematic Review Of Single-case Research On Science-teaching Interventions To Students With Intellectual Disability or Autism Spectrum Disorder. Disabilities, 3(1), 286-300. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities1030021<br></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;">Casey, L., Bruce, B. (2011). The Practice Profile Of Inquiry: Connecting Digital Literacy and Pedagogy. E-Learning and Digital Media, 1(8), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2011.8.1.76<br></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;">Docherty-Skippen, S., Karrow, D., Ahmed, G. (2020). The Influence Of Hands-on Experimentation and Inquiry-based Learning In Elementary Science And Technology (S&amp;amp;t) Education. Brock Education Journal, 1(29), 24. https://doi.org/10.26522/brocked.v29i1.768<br></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;">Bauer, S. (2017). The Impact Of the Chukwin Mini-unit On Students’ Understanding Of Natural Selection. The American Biology Teacher, 2(79), 120-127. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2017.79.2.120</span><br></span></li></ol></div>
</div></div></div></div></div></div> ]]></content:encoded><pubDate>Tue, 27 Jun 2023 15:54:14 +0800</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[行動學習：學習和發展的全面方法]]></title><link>https://lgf.lifemastergroup.com/blogs/post/Action_Learning</link><description><![CDATA[<img align="left" hspace="5" src="https://lgf.lifemastergroup.com/Blog Cover/20230626 行動學習.png"/>行動學習是由Reg W. Revans博士提出的一種學習和問題解決方法，強調採取行動並反思結果以推動個人和組織的發展。這種全面的方法結合了行動、反思、合作和提問，以促進學習和成長。在本文中，我們將深入探討行動學習的概念、原則、過程以及它對各個領域的影響。我們將探討Revans博士提出的領導力能力，並討論行動學習在不同環境中的應用。此外，我們還將研究行動學習的演變及其對組織發展和學習的貢獻。]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="zpcontent-container blogpost-container "><div data-element-id="elm_wqtriAfiTESrLlYXB09QDw" data-element-type="section" class="zpsection "><style type="text/css"></style><div class="zpcontainer-fluid zpcontainer"><div data-element-id="elm_yfiJXllbTvGLzAapCIlKrQ" data-element-type="row" class="zprow zprow-container zpalign-items- zpjustify-content- " data-equal-column=""><style type="text/css"></style><div data-element-id="elm_5TT3elpfQ9GyPUC32mM-9w" data-element-type="column" class="zpelem-col zpcol-12 zpcol-md-12 zpcol-sm-12 zpalign-self- "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_5TT3elpfQ9GyPUC32mM-9w"].zpelem-col{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_IOi0LIVhRDqzwejfJ1B84g" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_IOi0LIVhRDqzwejfJ1B84g"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h1
 class="zpheading zpheading-align-center " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><b style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:48px;">行動學習：學習和發展的全面方法</span></b></p></div></div></h1></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_sOZswpAWRZucuHMRZJjYeg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_sOZswpAWRZucuHMRZJjYeg"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-center " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="text-align:left;font-size:20px;"><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">行動學習是由Reg W. Revans博士提出的一種學習和問題解決方法，強調採取行動並反思結果以推動個人和組織的發展。這種全面的方法結合了行動、反思、合作和提問，以促進學習和成長。在本文中，我們將深入探討行動學習的概念、原則、過程以及它對各個領域的影響。我們將探討Revans博士提出的領導力能力，並討論行動學習在不同環境中的應用。此外，我們還將研究行動學習的演變及其對組織發展和學習的貢獻。</span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_4s5DQRt6fTtgtw9VaApITg" data-element-type="image" class="zpelement zpelem-image "><style> @media (min-width: 992px) { [data-element-id="elm_4s5DQRt6fTtgtw9VaApITg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width: 1070px ; height: 535.00px ; } } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px) { [data-element-id="elm_4s5DQRt6fTtgtw9VaApITg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:723px ; height:361.50px ; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { [data-element-id="elm_4s5DQRt6fTtgtw9VaApITg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:415px ; height:207.50px ; } } [data-element-id="elm_4s5DQRt6fTtgtw9VaApITg"].zpelem-image { border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-caption-color="" data-size-tablet="" data-size-mobile="" data-align="center" data-tablet-image-separate="false" data-mobile-image-separate="false" class="zpimage-container zpimage-align-center zpimage-size-fit zpimage-tablet-fallback-fit zpimage-mobile-fallback-fit hb-lightbox " data-lightbox-options="
                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-box zpimage-space-none " src="/Blog%20Cover/Blog%20Pic/4-2.png" width="415" height="207.50" loading="lazy" size="fit" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_m6bk4bppqsNoZRaYAMVQWg" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_m6bk4bppqsNoZRaYAMVQWg"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><b><span style="font-size:28px;font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;">行動學習的起源和原則</span></b></p></div></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_-6aqLsTWDWh2hkeKUL6Gkw" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_-6aqLsTWDWh2hkeKUL6Gkw"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><b style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;text-decoration-line:underline;">早期影響和發展</b></p></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_qESFHZM22DDIUxOeDtoyww" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_qESFHZM22DDIUxOeDtoyww"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">行動學習起源於20世紀初，最早可以追溯到劍橋大學卡文迪什實驗室的一群研究科學家。這些科學家發現，他們聚在一起討論成功和失敗，並共同反思，有助於他們獲得洞察力並更加恰當地行動。Reg W. Revans博士進一步發展了這一概念，並於1972年引入了「行動學習」這個術語。他強調行動是學習和個人發展的基礎，這是通過對行動的反思而實現的。</span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_6PiQLNm9XeoTpNsvSnQIiA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_6PiQLNm9XeoTpNsvSnQIiA"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><span style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size:20px;text-decoration-line:underline;">行動學習的原則</span></b></span></p></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_cwGUQhW7i_3m96uxaFIaZg" data-element-type="image" class="zpelement zpelem-image "><style> @media (min-width: 992px) { [data-element-id="elm_cwGUQhW7i_3m96uxaFIaZg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width: 1070px ; height: 535.00px ; } } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px) { [data-element-id="elm_cwGUQhW7i_3m96uxaFIaZg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:723px ; height:361.50px ; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { [data-element-id="elm_cwGUQhW7i_3m96uxaFIaZg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:415px ; height:207.50px ; } } [data-element-id="elm_cwGUQhW7i_3m96uxaFIaZg"].zpelem-image { border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-caption-color="" data-size-tablet="" data-size-mobile="" data-align="center" data-tablet-image-separate="false" data-mobile-image-separate="false" class="zpimage-container zpimage-align-center zpimage-size-fit zpimage-tablet-fallback-fit zpimage-mobile-fallback-fit hb-lightbox " data-lightbox-options="
                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-roundcorner zpimage-space-none " src="/Blog%20Cover/Blog%20Pic/5-2.png" width="415" height="207.50" loading="lazy" size="fit" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_I7qjzyU8Kv7v21cxlm6UJA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_I7qjzyU8Kv7v21cxlm6UJA"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Revans確定了支撐行動學習的幾個關鍵原則。這些原則包括：</span></span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;"><span>通過行動學習：行動學習強調採取行動並從結果中學習的重要性。它鼓勵個人將他們的知識和技能應用於實際情況。</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;"><span>反思：反思是行動學習的關鍵組成部分。它涉及個人對自己的行動、經驗和結果進行反思，以獲得洞察力和學習。</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;"><span>合作和同儕學習：行動學習小組由不同背景的個人組成，他們共同解決問題並相互學習。合作和同儕學習促進了支持性和互動性的學習環境。</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">提問和探究：提問是行動學習的基本要素。發人深省的問題能夠激發批判性思維，挑戰假設，並產生新的洞察力。</span></li></ul></div></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_rUGa5Myge9Tgo--gYpWyXw" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_rUGa5Myge9Tgo--gYpWyXw"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><b><span style="font-size:28px;font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;">行動學習中的領導力能力</span></b></p></div></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_u3zrPddHJLCjG9QpVsjabQ" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_u3zrPddHJLCjG9QpVsjabQ"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><b style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:20px;text-decoration-line:underline;">創建支持性學習環境</span></b></p></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_1KjnbwGYXCyUsmVkhJjp5A" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_1KjnbwGYXCyUsmVkhJjp5A"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Revans</span><span style="font-size:16px;">博士提出的關鍵領導力能力之一是創建支持性和合作性的學習環境。領導者需要營造一種信任、開放和心理安全的氛圍，使個人感到舒適，敢於冒險，分享自己的想法，並進行反思性對話。</span></span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_1NtcOnPpXFD7FC9cR2i0Xw" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_1NtcOnPpXFD7FC9cR2i0Xw"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><b style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:20px;text-decoration-line:underline;">提問有力的問題</span></b></p></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_ySnX5jV9UKYPtpF2459ZHA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_ySnX5jV9UKYPtpF2459ZHA"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:arial, sans-serif;">行動學習環境中的領導者應具備提問有力問題的能力。深思熟慮和富有洞察力的問題能夠激發批判性思維、反思和解決問題的能力。領導者引導討論，並鼓勵參與者探索不同的觀點並產生創新的解決方案。</span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_t2_hjUoAdUeSAcHTme37YA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_t2_hjUoAdUeSAcHTme37YA"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><b style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:20px;text-decoration-line:underline;">促進技能</span></b></p></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_4OXTK4SC-sKYnoMZVoYm5A" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_4OXTK4SC-sKYnoMZVoYm5A"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:arial, sans-serif;">有效的促進是行動學習中的另一個關鍵領導力能力。領導者需要有效地引導行動學習會議和小組討論。他們為學習創建一個結構化的過程，管理小組動態，並確保所有參與者有平等的參與和學習機會。</span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_-cglRerf0MqMVtf7kUPPZA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_-cglRerf0MqMVtf7kUPPZA"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><b style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;text-decoration-line:underline;">反思和自我意識</b></p></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_rr98px-myWcwrzRAa_Krag" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_rr98px-myWcwrzRAa_Krag"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;">行動學習中的領導者應展示反思和自我意識的能力。他們反思自己的行動、行為和假設，尋找個人和職業發展的機會。通過以身作則展示對學習和自我改進的承諾，領導者激勵和激發他人做同樣的事情。</span></span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_icKH98HhinWtIMV7Q-7hyQ" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_icKH98HhinWtIMV7Q-7hyQ"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><b><span style="font-size:28px;font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;">行動學習的應用</span></b></p></div></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_uygJfk_PH_5rhy7WjWMh7Q" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_uygJfk_PH_5rhy7WjWMh7Q"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><b><span style="font-size:20px;font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;text-decoration-line:underline;">組織發展</span></b></p></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_fQJc-EKIJPBQCz39EMILpA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_fQJc-EKIJPBQCz39EMILpA"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;">行動學習在組織發展項目中得到廣泛應用。它提供了一種解決複雜組織挑戰、促進創新和推動持續改進的結構化方法。行動學習小組致力於解決實際問題，使組織能夠在不斷變化的環境中學習和適應。</span></span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_OLHMwk9iO61AqZKY63d06A" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_OLHMwk9iO61AqZKY63d06A"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><b><span style="font-size:20px;font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;text-decoration-line:underline;">領導力發展</span></b></p></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_3d3jJiKp0uVBC0OPr6ekoQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_3d3jJiKp0uVBC0OPr6ekoQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:arial, sans-serif;">行動學習是領導力發展的有效方法。它為領導者提供了提升問題解決能力、批判性思維能力和情商的機會。通過行動學習，領導者可以更深入地瞭解自己的優勢和不足，從而更有效地領導。</span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_vJ3aTOSmdhw1KdlktH897Q" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_vJ3aTOSmdhw1KdlktH897Q"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><b style="font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;text-decoration-line:underline;">教育和培訓</b></p></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_-ZflqLoBXkFjwqeYdXYYRQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_-ZflqLoBXkFjwqeYdXYYRQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:arial, sans-serif;">行動學習在教育領域得到成功應用，包括高等教育和專業培訓項目。它提供了一種實踐和體驗式的學習方法，使學生能夠將理論知識應用於實際情境。行動學習提升了批判性思維、問題解決和合作能力。</span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_T6su0xpEyzDWpXa0BELx2g" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_T6su0xpEyzDWpXa0BELx2g"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><b><span style="font-size:28px;font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;">行動學習的演變和變體</span></b></p></div></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_MS32cBbljDFV_PHnsVd06g" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_MS32cBbljDFV_PHnsVd06g"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:arial, sans-serif;">隨著時間的推移，出現了各種行動學習的變體，反映了不同的環境和應用。這些變體包括以業務為導向的行動學習、批判性行動學習和虛擬行動學習。每種變體將行動學習的原則應用於特定的組織或教育環境，解決獨特的挑戰和目標。</span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_s7s26scHnoEZA9g8kdIAgQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_s7s26scHnoEZA9g8kdIAgQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="font-size:20px;"><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;">行動學習是</span><span style="font-size:16px;">Reg W. Revans</span><span style="font-size:16px;">博士提出的一種全面的學習和發展方法，強調採取行動、反思結果和與他人合作的重要性。它在組織發展、領導力發展和教育等各個領域得到廣泛應用。</span><span style="font-size:16px;">Revans</span><span style="font-size:16px;">博士提出的領導力能力，如創建支持性學習環境、提問有力的問題和促進小組討論，對於有效的行動學習至關重要。隨著行動學習的不斷發展，它仍然是個人和組織尋求提升學習、問題解決和成長的寶貴工具。</span></span></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_RN84y4_zfyOMMUvZ-RFAVg" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_RN84y4_zfyOMMUvZ-RFAVg"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:&quot;archivo black&quot;, sans-serif;font-weight:bold;">參考文獻：</span></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_iulAEMYB6m8frMCKmBIqCQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_iulAEMYB6m8frMCKmBIqCQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><ol><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">Béliveau &amp; Corriveau (2021): , &quot;The Learning History Methodology: An Infrastructure for Collective Reflection to Support Organizational Change and Learning,&quot; Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods (2021). doi:10.34190/ejbrm.19.2.2510</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">Al-Faris et al. (2020): , &quot;A Review on Computer Vision-Based Methods for Human Action Recognition,&quot; Journal of Imaging (2020). doi:10.3390/jimaging6060046</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">Andriella et al. (2019): , &quot;Learning Robot Policies Using a High-Level Abstraction Persona-Behaviour Simulator,&quot; 2019 28th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) (2019). doi:10.1109/ro-man46459.2019.8956357</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">Blackman &amp; Henderson (2005): , &quot;Why learning organisations do not transform,&quot; The Learning Organization (2005). doi:10.1108/09696470510574250</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">Bohao et al. (2023): , &quot;Policy Dispersion in Non-Markovian Environment,&quot; (2023). doi:10.48550/arxiv.2302.14509</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">Bong &amp; Cho (2017): , &quot;Defining success in action learning: an international comparison,&quot; European Journal of Training and Development (2017). doi:10.1108/ejtd-04-2016-0023</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">Bourner &amp; Rospigliosi (2019): , &quot;Origins of the ethos of action learning,&quot; Action Learning: Research and Practice (2019). doi:10.1080/14767333.2019.1619516</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">Brook &amp; Milner&nbsp;(2013): , &quot;Reflections on ‘creative’ action learning in business education: some issues in its theory and practice,&quot; Teaching in Higher Education (2013). doi:10.1080/13562517.2013.827651</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">C. et al. (2021): , &quot;Agent Spaces,&quot; (2021). doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.06005</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">Chenhall &amp; Chermack (2010): , &quot;Models, definitions, and outcome variables of action learning,&quot; Journal of European Industrial Training (2010). doi:10.1108/03090591011070743</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">Curtin (2016): , &quot;Action learning in virtual higher education: applying leadership theory,&quot; Action Learning: Research and Practice (2016). doi:10.1080/14767333.2016.1170975</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">Gao et al. (2017): , &quot;RED: Reinforced Encoder-Decoder Networks for Action Anticipation,&quot; Procedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2017 (2017). doi:10.5244/c.31.92</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">Hay (2011): , &quot;Action learning in international settings: Possibilities for developing organising insight,&quot; The International Journal of Management Education (2011). doi:10.3794/ijme.93.318</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">Huh &amp; Lee (2015): , &quot;Proposing an Effective Action Learning Process Model: Introducing the PAIR Model,&quot; Performance Improvement (2015). doi:10.1002/pfi.21534</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial, sans-serif;">Ilahi et al. (2021): , &quot;Homecourt Application Through Zoom Media To Improve Student Dribbling Techniques In Handball Courses In Physical Education Study Program FKIP UNIB,&quot; Kinestetik : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani (2021). doi:10.33369/jk.v5i1.13591</span></li></ol></div></div>
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